Transtheoretical And Health Belief Models In Diabetes Mellitus

The course of illness can be influenced by biological, psychological, and/or social factors covering a broad range of topics that include stress, coping, and behaviors that either promote health and prevent illness, or contribute to the development of clinical problems. Health and wellness are important to our daily lives and this is true even in the context of being diagnosed with a chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus. The interplay between emotions, cognitive, and behavioral/physical factors can affect all aspects of health and illness. Individual differences such as culture, ethnicity, lifestyle, religion, gender, identity development, financial status, and social support should be considered when analyzing the individual’s response to a chronic illness. Numerous research studies have investigated the impact of one or more of these factors in terms of the effect on chronic disease outcomes. These outcomes can include symptom management and/or progression of the severity of the disease.

Explanatory theories often describe factors that contribute to health problems, or interfere with prevention activities, and thus provide targets for change. One such theory is the Health Belief Model (HBM) which addresses perceptions of the health problem. These perceptions include the degree of threat in terms of susceptibility and severity, any benefits to be obtained by avoiding the perceived threat, and various internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external (e.g., barriers to care) factors that influence the individual’s decision to act. Other theories emphasize motivations that influence a continuum of stages of behavioral change. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change is a theory of this type. The response to chronic illness and the illness experience itself can be described by these models. In managing chronic disease, there are coping strategies and behavior changes that support optimal outcomes and therapeutic interventions can be designed for greater effectiveness by using these two models. For your paper you will choose from the two options below. The option you choose will provide the focus and title for your paper.

• Option A:  Diabetes      Mellitus and the Transtheoretical      Model of Behavior Change????
• Option B:  Diabetes      Mellitus and the Health      Belief Model????

To support your work, you will perform research using the University Library and/or other search methods to provide references to support your work. You must include a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources, published within the past five years relating to diabetes mellitus and to either the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (Option A) or the Health Belief Model (Option B). The use of additional scholarly and/or peer-reviewed references is highly recommended. These may be obtained from academic, professional, or governmental agency sources. Dictionaries, encyclopedias, non-academic websites, and media outlet sites or publications are not appropriate resources for academic writing and are not appropriate for inclusion in this paper. You may reference your textbook and other required or recommended materials from the course but these will not fulfill the minimum reference requirement.

In your paper you will provide an analysis of your research by addressing the following elements:

• Personal      impact of chronic illness
• Impact      of chronic illness on friends and family
• Methods      of coping
• Interventions      to encourage healthy lifestyle choices
• Motivations      for adhering to recommended self-care guidelines
• Beliefs      about illness that support or reduce self-efficacy and the ability to take      action.

Use the following headings to organize your paper into four sections as follows:

• Introduction:  Explain      how the TTM or HBM can be used to explain the individual’s response to      chronic illness
• Body: Analyze the impact of      chronic illness on friends and families, coping strategies used in chronic      illness, social and psychological factors involved in the illness      experience, long-term social and psychological implications of chronic      illness, and therapeutic interventions based on your model
• Conclusion: Summarize how      the TTM or HBM explains the individual’s approach to illness and behavior      change
• Appendix: Complete the      provided TTM table (Option A) or the HBM table (Option B), thinking of the      diabetic individual’s adherence to self-care recommendations. Copy and      paste your completed table into the Appendix of your paper.