| Question 1 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
In low-constraint studies:
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A. analysis is only possible if we use complex statistical software. |
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B. coding of data is generally necessary before analysis. |
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C. direct analysis can always be undertaken. |
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D. there is often no data to analyze. |
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| Question 2 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
A survey is most useful in gathering data on the:
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A. knowledge base of participants. |
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B. attitudes of participants. |
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C. causes of participants’ behavior. |
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D. Both A and B |
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| Question 3 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
If an obtained correlation was 0.50, the coefficient of determination would be:
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A. 0.50. |
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B. 0.25. |
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C. -0.50. |
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D. 0.00. |
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| Question 4 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
A strong relationship between two variables:
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A. can imply causality in differential research. |
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B. cannot imply causality in differential research. |
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C. can imply causality in differential research but not in correlational research. |
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D. is entirely meaningless. |
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| Question 5 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Carrying out a survey by interviewing the first 100 people coming out of a movie theater would be an example of:
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A. a status survey. |
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B. nonprobability sampling. |
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C. probability sampling. |
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D. simple random sampling. |
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| Question 6 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Milfont (2009) found that desirable responding did not impact the self-reporting of environmental attitudes and behavior. What methodological issues might decrease the credibility of this claim?
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A. Ecological behavior was self-reported instead of measuring actual behavior. |
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B. The sample used was made up only self-reported environmentalists. |
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C. Environmental attitudes were not related to environmental behavior in this study. |
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D. None of the above was true of the study. |
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| Question 7 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
A researcher wants to study bonding behavior in chimpanzees. Unfortunately, the researcher has no real knowledge about chimpanzees, and there is no information on bonding in the literature. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to begin to study the topic?
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A. Archival research |
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B. Ex post facto methodology |
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C. Experimental research |
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D. Naturalistic observation |
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| Question 8 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
What is the reason for this statement: “In differential research, we are actually studying relationships between variables”?
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A. Correlation coefficients are calculated. |
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B. The strength of the relationship between dependent variables is measured. |
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C. Differential research involves only measuring variables and not manipulating them. |
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D. Contingent relationships are carefully measured. |
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| Question 9 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
The problem of participants’ contrived consistency on self-report measures can be reduced by:
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A. including fewer items. |
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B. using appropriate statistical controls. |
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C. making the participant aware of what the researcher is interested in. |
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D. adding filler items. |
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| Question 10 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
What is the primary ethical concern in low-constraint research?
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A. Confidentiality |
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B. Researcher’s access to sensitive information |
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C. Informed consent |
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D. All of the above |
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| Question 11 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
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Archival research is an example of:
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A. single-subject designs. |
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B. an ANOVA. |
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C. low-constraint field research. |
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D. high-constraint laboratory research. |
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| Question 12 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
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Rosenhan investigated the experiences of psychiatric patients in mental hospitals by:
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A. asking patients to describe their experiences. |
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B. unobtrusively observing the behavior of patients on psychiatric hospital wards. |
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C. asking normal people to admit themselves to mental hospitals by feigning symptoms. |
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D. asking psychiatrists to describe the environment of a typical mental hospital. |
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| Question 13 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
A probability statement such as “given that event X occurred, then the probability of event Y occurring is high” is referred to as a(n):
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A. event notation. |
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B. corollary. |
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C. certainty statement. |
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D. contingency. |
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| Question 14 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
One of the most important uses of a correlation is its potential use in:
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A. causal inferences. |
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B. determining differences between groups. |
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C. enhancing internal validity. |
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D. the prediction of future events. |
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| Question 15 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Low-constraint research enables us to obtain useful information about:
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A. techniques for manipulating variables. |
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B. causality. |
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C. relationships among variables. |
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D. making and testing predictions. |
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| Question 16 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
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An area of concern that is more problematic in laboratory research than in low-constraint field work in psychology is:
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A. scientific validity. |
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B. generalizability of findings. |
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C. that lab experiments are unethical. |
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D. that most human behavior can only be evaluated in naturalistic environments. |
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| Question 17 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Without experimentation:
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A. no conclusions can be drawn. |
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B. strong causal conclusions can still be drawn. |
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C. drawing strong conclusions is difficult. |
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D. drawing strong conclusions is easy. |
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| Question 18 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Asking participants in a survey a question such as, “What is your opinion of the way the economy is being handled by the president?” is an example of a(n) __________ question.
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A. open-ended |
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B. multiple-choice |
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C. Likert scale |
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D. None of the above |
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| Question 19 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
In analyzing data in differential research, if we have score data and more than two groups, we would typically use a(n):
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A. Mann-Whitney U-Test. |
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B. analysis of variance (ANOVA). |
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C. chi-square test. |
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D. correlated t-test. |
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| Question 20 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
A researcher wants to study the effects of attention on ability to perform a task. The participant’s attention is recorded by a research assistant that the participant knows is watching. A problem with this design is:
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A. measurement reactivity. |
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B. participant observer bias. |
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C. unobtrusive measurement. |
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D. obtrusive participant measurement. |
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| Question 21 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Testing effects are most pronounced in:
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A. measures of skill. |
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B. elderly participants. |
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C. young participants. |
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D. nonverbal tests. |
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| Question 22 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Which of the following characterizes experimental research?
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A. Seeking the strength and direction of relationships |
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B. Hypothesis generating as the major aim |
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C. High control and causal inferences |
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D. The goal of observing contingent relationships |
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| Question 23 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Multiple observers should be used in psychology when:
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A. observations are not completely subjective. |
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B. there are questions about objectivity in making observations. |
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C. it is thought that one observer is sufficient. |
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D. the measure is unreliable. |
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| Question 24 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Failure to rule out __________ variables results in threats to __________ validity.
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A. confounding; internal |
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B. confounding; external |
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C. dependent; internal |
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D. dependent; external |
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| Question 25 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
A researcher wants to do a study of pretest anxiety. He devises two possible ways of measuring pretest anxiety: (1) attaching electrodes to the palm and measuring the amount of sweat produced; (2) having observers rate participants on how anxious they look. Which of the following is true?
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A. Both are subjective measures. |
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B. Both are objective measures. |
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C. #1 is objective; #2 is subjective. |
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D. #1 is subjective; #2 is objective. |
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| Question 26 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
Matched random assignment is used in situations in which random assignment would:
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A. increase chances of unequal sample sizes. |
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B. cause possible confounding because the groups may be unequal on key dimensions. |
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C. not be possible because the researcher has too much prior knowledge about the participants. |
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D. not be possible because the researcher has too little prior knowledge about the participants. |
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| Question 27 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
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If the null hypothesis has been rejected, we should consider that:
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A. the causal hypothesis can be accepted. |
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B. the causal hypothesis cannot be rejected. |
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C. extraneous variables may have affected the study. |
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D. extraneous variables do not affect the hypothesis. |
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| Question 28 of 40 |
2.5 Points |
If we wish to apply results of a study to a wider population, the type of validity that we would be concerned about would be __________ validity.
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