NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods

Consider one of the following disease processes:

Zika
Salmonella
MRSA
Clostridioides difficile
Depression (Choose population: Adult, Older Adult, Adolescent)
Attention Deficit Disorder
Dementia
Osteoporosis

Next, choose a diagnostic or screening method. You may use one of the following web sites to locate a screening tool, a scholarly article, or a tool from a professional web site of your choice (for example, from the American Psychological Association).: U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (Links to an external site.) NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Links to an external site.)

Links to an external site. SAMHSA-HRSA (Links to an external site.).

Reply to the following prompt: Describe the diagnostic or screening tool selected, its purpose, and what age group it targets. Has it been specifically tested in this age group?

Next, discuss the predictive ability of the test. For instance, how do you know the test is reliable and valid? What are the reliability and validity values? What are the predictive values? Is it sensitive to measure what it has been developed to measure, for instance, HIV, or depression in older adults, or Lyme Disease? Would you integrate this tool into your advanced practice based on the information you have read about the test why or why not? NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods

You should include a minimum of two (2) scholarly articles from the last five (5) years (3 is recommended). Respond to a minimum of two (2) individuals, peer and/or faculty, with a scholarly and reflective post of a minimum of (2) paragraphs of C-S sentences. A minimum of one (1) scholarly article should utilized to support the post in addition to your textbook.

Your work should have in-text citations integrating at a minimum one scholarly article and the course textbook. APA format should utilized to include a reference list. Correct grammar, spelling, and APA should adhered to when writing work should scholarly without personalization or first person use.

NR 503 Week 2 Assignment Healthy People 2020 Impact Paper

Topics: All Topic Included in Download

Health Effects of Smoking Hookah in Florida

Obesity 2020

Zika

Purpose

The concepts of epidemiology provide the framework for the study of infectious and chronic diseases, which provides a rich source of data for the analysis oftrends in disease and health. This assignment will offer the opportunity to explore the health effects associated with hookahs. You will identify populations at risk, and to design an educational intervention for your target population. In addition you will look at what outcomes will be addressed to determine if your interventions work. You will integrate HP2020 and CDC information into your paper.

Requirements

Research the health effects of hookahs and select three to five health effects to address. Identify your target population (for instance, age or other demographic, aggregate population); this must be in your city or state. Design a population based health education intervention for your target population that is aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality for the problem. Be sure to review the research literature and HP2020 for interventions. Decide what outcomes you will use to determine whether your educational intervention works. In a three (3) page summary, address the following.

Identify the problem in the introduction section.
Provide an overview of the problem in your city/state
Review of descriptive epidemiologic and demographic data on mortality/morbidity and risk
Present the goal, overview and objectives of Healthy People 2020 for the paper topic. Also, include an overview of the national snapshot by HP2020.

Create a population focused intervention that includes activities and implementation strategies. use of scholarly literature and HP2020 is recommended for writing the Intervention Program Plan.

Preparing the Paper Submission Requirements

Application: use Microsoft Word 2013w to create the written assessment.
Length: The paper (excluding the title page and reference page) is a maximum three (3) pages.
A minimum of three (3) scholarly literature references must used. You may use your course textbook as one reference but this does not count to the three (3) scholarly literature references. References should include scholarly publications and not limited to scholarly web sites.

Healthy People 2020 Impact Paper

Breast cancer is a profound health concern in the United States and New Jersey, considering its adverse ramifications, including mortality, disabilities, and increased economic burden. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021), about 7.8 million women had breast cancer in 2020. Further, the World Health Organization states that the disease accounted for 685000 deaths globally in 2020. In the United States, about 4200 women and 500 men die each year due to breast cancer-related complications (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). It is essential to note that women are more vulnerable to breast cancer than men due to the interplay between modifiable and non-modifiable risks, including sexual health, menstrual issues, being overweight, tobacco use, physical inactivity, and alcoholism. Healthy People 2020’s objectives for preventing breast cancer morbidity and mortalities seek to promote early disease screening, self-examination interventions, and improved access to quality and convenient care. Undoubtedly, it is essential to apply these strategies at the state level, alongside educational programs to bolster people’s awareness and knowledge of risk factors for the disease and preventive interventions. NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods

Overview of the Problem at the State and National Level

Breast cancer remains a public health concern in the US and New Jersey due to its disproportionate effects, economic burdens, and contribution to compromised quality of life. According to the New Jersey Department of Health (2018), the state records over 7000 breast cancer cases every year and over 1000 deaths associated with breast cancer. African American women have a higher breast cancer age-adjusted mortality than White women due to the apparent lack of knowledge of self-management interventions and susceptibility to risk factors such as tobacco use, alcoholism, and obesity (Roche et al., 2017). In response to the disproportionate prevalence and effects of breast cancer, the New Jersey Department of Health emphasizes early disease, health promotion plans to raise awareness and enhance knowledge of self-management approaches, and lifestyle modification initiatives.

Epidemiological and Demographic Data About Breast Cancer

Unlike some other forms of cancer with infection-related causes like human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer, breast cancer is a non-transmissible disease (WHO, 2021). The condition may develop in people with no identifiable history of cancer risk factors. Therefore, this consideration renders gender and age (over 40 years) the primary non-modifiable factors for the disease.

On the other hand, factors like obesity and overweight, alcoholism, genetic mutation, family history of breast cancer, reproductive history, and long-term radiation exposure contribute to the disease (WHO, 2021). Equally, tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy can increase individual susceptibility to breast cancer. Notably, the relationship between sexual health and breast cancer renders women more vulnerable to the disease than men. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021 NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods), only about 0.5-1% of breast cancer incidences occur in men compared to about 99% in women.

Signs and Symptoms

Breast cancer occurs due to abnormalities in cell growth that compromise the body’s ability to initiate cell apoptosis (self-destruction). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021), breast cancer manifests in two types: invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. The first type entails an incident where cancer cells begin in the ducts and extend to other parts of the breast tissues. In the second category of breast cancer, cancer cells start in the lobules and spread to the proximal tissues. Regardless of type, it is possible to detect breast cancer through various signs and symptoms, including emerging lumps in the breast or underarm, thickening or swelling of breast parts, irritation, nipple discharge, and pain in any breast area (CDC, 2021 NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods). These signs are often identifiable through self-examination, enabling at-risk populations to seek timely medical interventions, including mammography screening and professional counseling.

Population and Primary Healthcare Focused Interventions for Addressing Breast Cancer

Notably, early detection of breast cancer is the most profound preventive intervention for reducing the disease’s comorbidity and mortalities. According to de Carmen Ortega Jimenez et al. (2021), a lack of urgency in performing breast self-examination at an early age and insufficient professional guidance on embracing self-care interventions are the primary reasons women are susceptible to breast cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) states that breast cancer treatment can lead to the highly effective result of a 90% or higher survival rate if at-risk people have access to early disease screening. In this sense, the internally accepted age for commencing breast cancer screening is 20 years to enable sexually-active girls to interact with any risk factor for the disease and understand its signs and symptoms and preventive interventions.

Apart from early disease screening and detection interventions, conducting educational programs targeting at-risk populations can reduce the incidences of breast cancer and reduce the levels of people’s susceptibility to the disease. According to Noman et al. (2020), an educational initiative targeting an at-risk population for breast cancer can increase awareness of the disease’s manifestation, signs, and symptoms and enhance adherence to self-care interventions. Educating women about the disease can bolster their willingness to seek medical interventions and participate in early screening processes such as mammography (WHO, 2021). Further, an education program can underscore the rationale for addressing modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, including alcoholism, tobacco use, obesity and overweight, and hormonal therapy.

To capitalize on the benefits of community-based educational programs in preventing and managing breast cancer, health educators embrace teaching methods that explain the breast structure, signs, symptoms, types, stages, and risk factors (Noman et al., 2021 NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods). Also, educational programs should enlighten people on clinical breast examination strategies such as mammography and improve people’s awareness of self-care strategies.

Healthy People 2020 Objectives for Addressing Breast Cancer

Healthy People 2020 objectives of preventing breast cancer focus on intercepting risk factors for the disease by enhancing access to timely screening and professional counseling services. According to Healthy People 2020 (n.d.), one of the overriding objectives pertinent to breast cancer is reducing new late-stage cancer cases per 100000 females. The achievable benchmark for this objective is 42.4 new cases per 100000 females. Another goal is to increase the portion of women who access professional counseling from care providers about mammographs. These objectives target females aged 50 to 74 years and aim to attain a target of 76.8% of women counseled by providers about mammography and its importance (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). The final objective for breast cancer is to reduce its mortality rate to about 20.7 deaths per 100000 families. These objectives prompt the need to invest massively in early disease screening, professional services, and educational initiatives.

Conclusion

Breast Cancer is a profound health concern whose ramifications affect people at the state, national, and global levels. In New Jersey, women are more susceptible to the disease than men. Similarly, the disease’s effects and prevalence rates are disproportionate to ethnic minority women such as African Americans. Healthy People 2020 objectives emphasize the need for early disease screening, enhanced access to professional services, and community-based education and outreach programs in response to the disease.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 20). Basic information about breast cancer. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/index.htm#

de Carmen Ortega Jiménez, M., García Rodríguez, D. E., Hidalgo Mares, B., & Ortega Jiménez, M. (2021). Educational interventions on breast cancer in men and women: A necessity in primary healthcare. Ecancermedicalscience, 15, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2021.1255

Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Cancer. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/cancer/objectives

New Jersey Department of Health. (2018). New Jersey Department of Health recognizes national breast cancer awareness month. https://nj.gov/health/news/2018/approved/20181009a.shtml#

Noman, Shahar, Abdul Rahman, & Ismail. (2020). Effectiveness of an educational intervention of breast cancer screening practices uptake, knowledge, and beliefs among Yemeni Female school teachers in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041167

Roche, L. M., Niu, X., Stroup, A. M., & Henry, K. A. (2017). Disparities in female breast cancer stage at diagnosis in New Jersey: A spatial-temporal analysis. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 23(5), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000524

World Health Organization. (2021, March 26). Breast cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer#.

NR 503 Week 2 Epidemiological Methods