Mental Health Resources-Review

Mental Health Resources-Review

Mental Health Resources-Review

• Family doctors (for referrals to mental health professionals)

• Mental health specialists, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and mental health counselors

• Religious leaders/counselors

• Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

• Community mental health centers

• Hospital psychiatry departments and outpatient clinics

• University—or medical school—affiliated programs

• State hospital outpatient clinics

• Family service/social agencies

• Private clinics and facilities

• Employee assistance programs

• Local medical, psychiatric, or psychological societies

? TABLE 15.5

National Institute of Mental Health (2010b).

9781285519517, Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews, Thirteenth Edition, Coon/Mitterer – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.

 

It’s always tempting to avoid facing up to personal problems. With this in mind, you should give a therapist a fair chance and not give up too easily. But don’t hesitate to change therapists or to terminate therapy if you lose confidence in the therapist or if you don’t relate well to the therapist as a person. Mental Health Resources-Review.

• What risks do I face if I begin therapy?

• How long do you expect treatment to last?

• What form of treatment do you expect to use?

• Are there alternatives to therapy that might help me as much or more?

Write down your goals and discuss them with your therapist during the first session. Your first meeting with a therapist should also answer all of the following questions (Somberg, Stone, & Claiborn, 1993):

• Will the information I reveal in therapy remain completely confidential?

Knowledge Builder Self-Management and Seeking

Professional Help RECITE

1. Covert sensitization and thought stopping combine aversion therapy and cognitive therapy. T or F?

2. Like covert aversion conditioning, covert reinforcement of desired responses is also possible. T or F?

3. Exercises that bring about deep-muscle relaxation are an essential element in covert sensitization. T or F?

4. Items in a desensitization hierarchy should be placed in order from the least disturbing to the most disturbing. T or F?

5. The first step in desensitization is to place the visualization of disturbing images under stimulus control. T or F?

6. Persistent emotional discomfort is a clear sign that professional psychological counseling should be sought. T or F?

7. Community mental health centers rarely offer counseling or therapy themselves; they only do referrals. T or F?

8. In many instances, a therapist’s personal qualities have more of an effect on the outcome of therapy than does the type of therapy used. T or F?

9. Would it be acceptable for a therapist to urge a client to break all ties with a troublesome family member?

Self-Reflect

How could you use covert sensitization, thought stopping, and covert reinforcement to change your behavior? Try to apply each technique to a specific example.

Just for practice, make a fear hierarchy for a situation you find frightening. Does vividly picturing items in the hierarchy make you tense or anxious? If so, can you intentionally relax using the tension-release method?

Assume that you want to seek help from a psychologist or other mental health professional. How would you proceed? Take some time to actually find out what mental health services are available to you.

Answers: 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9.

Such decisions must be made by clients themselves. Therapists can help clients evaluate important decisions and feelings about significant persons in their lives. However, actively urging a client to sever a relationship borders on unethical behavior. Mental Health Resources-Review.

Chapter in Review : Gateways to Therapies

15.1 How did psychotherapy originate? 15.1.1 Early approaches to mental illness were dominated by superstition and moral condemnation. 15.1.2 Demonology attributed mental disturbance to demonic possession and prescribed exorcism as the cure. 15.1.3 In some instances, the actual cause of bizarre behavior may have been ergot poisoning. 15.1.4 More humane treatment began in 1793 with the work of Philippe Pinel in Paris.

15.2 Is Freudian psychoanalysis still used? 15.2.1 As the first true psychotherapy, Freud’s psychoanalysis gave rise to modern psychodynamic therapies.

15.2.2 The psychoanalyst uses free association, dream analysis, and analysis of resistance and transference to reveal health- producing insights.

15.2.3 Some critics argue that traditional psychoanalysis receives credit for spontaneous remissions of symptoms. However, psychoanalysis is successful for many patients.

15.2.4 Psychoanalysts have become relatively rare because psychoanalysis is expensive and time intensive. Brief psychodynamic therapy (which relies on psychoanalytic theory but is brief and focused) is as effective as other major therapies. One example is interpersonal psychotherapy.

Gateway QUESTIONS REVISITED

9781285519517, Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews, Thirteenth Edition, Coon/Mitterer – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.

15.3 How do psychotherapies differ?

15.3.1 All psychotherapy aims to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment.

15.3.2 Psychotherapies may be classified as insight, action, directive, nondirective, and combinations of these.

15.3.3 Therapies may be conducted either individually or in groups, and they may be time limited.

15.4 What are the major humanistic therapies? 15.4.1 Client-centered (or person-centered) therapy is non-directive, based on insights gained from conscious thoughts and feelings, and dedicated to creating an atmosphere of growth.

Mental Health Resources-Review

15.4.2 Unconditional positive regard, empathy, authenticity, and reflection are combined to give the client a chance to solve his or her own problems.

15.4.3 Existential therapies focus on the end result of the choices one makes in life. Clients are encouraged through confrontation and encounter to exercise free will and to take responsibility for their choices.

15.4.4 Gestalt therapy emphasizes immediate awareness of thoughts and feelings. Its goal is to rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting into connected wholes and to help clients break through emotional blockages.

15.5 How does cognitive therapy change thoughts and emotions?

15.5.1 Cognitive therapy emphasizes changing thought pat- terns that underlie emotional or behavioral problems. Changing the thought patterns can have a positive impact on emotions and behavior.

15.5.2 Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy focuses on changing several major distortions in thinking: selective perception, over- generalization, and all or nothing thinking.

15.5.3 In a variation of cognitive therapy called rational- emotive behavior therapy (REBT), clients learn to recognize and challenge the irrational beliefs that are at the core of their maladaptive thinking patterns.

15.6 What is behavior therapy? 15.6.1 Behavior therapists use the learning principles of classical or operant conditioning to directly change human behavior. 15.6.2 In aversion therapy, classical conditioning is used to associate maladaptive behavior (such as smoking or drinking) with pain or other aversive events in order to inhibit undesirable responses.

15.6.3 In desensitization, gradual adaptation and reciprocal inhibition break the link between fear and particular situations.

15.6.4 Typical steps in desensitization are: Construct a fear hierarchy; learn to produce total relaxation; and perform items on the hierarchy (from least to most disturbing).

15.6.5 Desensitization may be carried out with real settings or it may be done by vividly imagining the fear hierarchy or by watching models perform the feared responses.

15.6.6 In some cases, virtual reality exposure can be used to present fear stimuli in a controlled manner.

15.6.7 A newer technique called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) shows promise as a treatment for traumatic memories and stress disorders. At present, however, EMDR is highly controversial.

15.7 What role do operant principles play in behavior therapy?

15.7.1 Operant principles, such as positive reinforcement, non-reinforcement, extinction, punishment, shaping, stimulus control, and time out, are used to extinguish undesirable responses and to promote constructive behavior.

15.7.2 Non-reward can extinguish troublesome behaviors. Often this is done by simply identifying and eliminating reinforcers, particularly attention and social approval.

15.7.3 To apply positive reinforcement and operant shaping, tokens are often used to reinforce selected target behaviors.

15.7.4 Full-scale use of tokens in an institutional setting produces a token economy. Toward the end of a token economy program, patients are shifted to social rewards such as recognition and approval.

15.8 How do psychiatrists treat psychological disorders?

15.8.1 Medical approaches to mental disorders, such as drugs, surgery, and hospitalization, are similar to medical treatments for physical ailments. All medical treatments for psycho- logical disorders have pros and cons. Overall, however, their effectiveness is improving.

15.8.2 Three medical, or somatic, approaches to treatment are pharmacotherapy, electrical stimulation therapy (including electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]), and psychosurgery.

15.8.3 Community mental health centers seek to avoid or minimize mental hospitalization. They also seek to prevent mental health problems through education, consultation, and crisis intervention.

15.9 Are various psychotherapies effective, and what do they have in common?

15.9.1 Effective psychotherapies are based on the therapeutic alliance, a protected setting, catharsis, insights, new perspectives, and a chance to practice new behaviors.

15.9.2 Psychotherapy is generally effective, although no single form of therapy is superior to others.

15.9.3 All of the following are helping skills that can be learned: active listening, acceptance, reflection, open-ended questioning, support, respect, patience, genuineness, and paraphrasing.

15.9.4 The culturally skilled counselor must be able to establish rapport with a person from a different cultural background and adapt traditional theories and techniques to meet the needs of clients from non-European ethnic groups.

9781285519517, Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews, Thirteenth Edition, Coon/Mitterer – © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.

 

15.10 What will therapy be like in the future?

15.10.1 Therapy can be done with groups of people based on a simple extension of individual methods or based on techniques developed specifically for groups.

15.10.2 In psychodrama, individuals enact roles and incidents resembling their real-life problems. In family therapy, the family group is treated as a unit.

15.10.3 Sensitivity and encounter groups encourage positive personality change. Large-group awareness training attempts to do the same, but the benefits of such programs are questionable.

15.10.4 Media psychologists, telephone counselors, and cybertherapists may, on occasion, do some good. However, each has drawbacks, and the effectiveness of telephone counseling and cybertherapy has not been established.

15.10.5 Therapy by videoconferencing shows more promise as a way to provide mental health services at a distance.

15.11 How are behavioral principles applied to everyday problems and how could a person find professional help?

15.11.1 Some personal problems can be successfully treated using self-management techniques, such as covert reinforcement, covert sensitization, thought stopping, and self-directed desensitization.

15.11.2 In covert sensitization, aversive images are used to discourage unwanted behavior. Thought stopping uses mild punishment to prevent upsetting thoughts. Covert reinforcement is a way to encourage desired responses by mental rehearsal.

15.11.3 Desensitization pairs relaxation with a hierarchy of upsetting images in order to lessen fears.

15.11.4 In most communities, a competent and reputable therapist can be located with public sources of information or through a referral.

15.11.5 Practical considerations such as cost and qualifications enter into choosing a therapist. However, the therapist’s personal characteristics are of equal importance.

Token Economies Read about the use of token economies with autistic children.

Medications for Mental Illness Explore some information about different drugs used to treat mental illness. Mental Health Resources-Review.

ECT Read more about the pros and cons of ECT.

Lobotomy Read a case study of lobotomy and the history of the transorbital lobotomy procedure.

American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy Visit the website of the AAMFT.

American Self-Help Group Clearinghouse Explore this database of over 1,000 self-help groups.

Dr. Phil See for yourself how Dr. Phil publicizes mental health issues.

Therapy Effectiveness Read an article about the effectiveness of therapy.

Finding a Therapist in Your Hometown Use the Internet to locate a local therapist.

Find a Therapist Another Internet tool to help you locate a therapist.

Web Resources Internet addresses frequently change. To find an up-to-date list of URLs for the sites listed here, visit your Psychology CourseMate.

Pre-Columbian Trephination Read about the first psychosurgery as a treatment for mental illness.

Philippe Pinel Read about Pinel’s contribution to the history of the treatment of mental illness.

Freud and Psychoanalysis Read about the history of psychoanalysis.

Existential Therapy Explore this extensive website about existential therapy.

The Beck Institute Read about cognitive therapy and visit the rest of the Beck Institute website.

Albert Ellis Institute Read about Albert Ellis and his Rational- Emotive Behavior Therapy.

Systematic Desensitization Explore this self-administered procedure.

Virtual Reality Therapy Learn more about VR therapy. Mental Health Resources-Review.

MEDIA RESOURCES

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Therapies 545

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