NURS 6501 Wk10 Discussion – Renal and Urologic Systems

NURS 6501 Wk10 Discussion – Renal and Urologic Systems

NURS 6501 Wk10 Discussion – Renal and Urologic Systems

Week 10: Renal and Urologic Systems
Disorders of the renal and urologic systems can sometimes pose difficulties in the clinical setting. Patients are often hesitant to seek treatment for symptoms of these disorders because they might be embarrassed or uncomfortable with associated questions and physical examinations. When treating and managing disorders of these systems, it is important for advanced practice nurses to recognize that the causes and/or habits that lead to the disorders can vary significantly between not just children and adults, but also between females and males. Additionally, the consequences of the disorders can vary significantly among different patient groups, making it essential to be able to identify renal and urologic disorders and recommend appropriate treatment options.
This week you examine the pathophysiology of urinary tract infections. You also explore the impact of patient factors on urinary tract infections.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
• Compare the pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections
• Evaluate the impact of patient factors on urinary tract infections
• Analyze the pathophysiology of disorders within body systems
• Evaluate the impact of patient factors on disorders within body systems
• Evaluate clinical considerations of disorders within body systems
• Understand and apply key terms, concepts, and principles related to alterations of the renal and urologic systems
Photo Credit: Andrew Brookes/Cultura/Getty Images
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Learning Resources
Required Readings
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

• Chapter 29, “Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems”

This chapter introduces the structure and function of the renal and urologic systems. It covers renal blood flow, kidney function, and tests for renal and bladder function.

• Chapter 30, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function”

This chapter examines alterations of the renal and urinary tract function, including urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. It focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, and evaluation and treatment of those renal and urinary tract alterations.

• Chapter 31, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children”

This chapter presents alterations of renal and urinary tract function that are common in children. These alterations include structural abnormalities, bladder disorders, nephroblastoma, and urinary incontinence.
Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

• Chapter 16, “Renal Disease”

This chapter explores the structure and function of the kidney for preparation of examining renal diseases. It then examines renal diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure.
Optional Resources

National Kidney Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org/index.cfm

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NURS 6501 Wk10 Discussion – Renal and Urologic Systems
Discussion: Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria—most often Escherichia coli. However, certain viruses, fungi, and parasites can also lead to infection. The infection can affect the lower and upper urinary tract, including the urethra, prostate (in males), bladder, ureter, and kidney. Due to the progression of the disease and human anatomy, symptoms present differently among the sexes as well as among age groups. It is important to understand how these factors, as well as others, impact the pathophysiology of UTIs. Advanced practice nurses must have this foundation in order to properly diagnose patients.
To Prepare
• Review Chapter 30 in the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections. Consider the similarities and differences between the two types of infections.
• Select two of the following patient factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the infections, as well as the diagnosis of and treatment for the infections.
By Day 3
Post a description of the pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections, including their similarities and differences. Then explain how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the infections, as well as the diagnosis of and treatment for the infections.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

 

NURS 6501 Wk10 Discussion – Renal and Urologic Systems Sample Solution 

Urinary Tract Infections

It is important to diagnose urinary tract infections (UTI) correctly. Urosepsis is the cause of up to 40% of septic shock cases. When an individual has inflammation of the urinary epithelium, he/she has a UTI, and it is commonly due bacterial flora from the gut (Huether, & McCance, 2017). UTIs can occur anywhere along the urinary tract, bladder, kidney, prostate, urethra or ureter. Postmenopausal and sexually active pregnant women, women taking antibiotics, premature infants, young children, individuals with neurogenic bladder, an obstruction of the urinary tract, or those with indwelling urinary catheters are most at risk for UTI (Huether, & McCance, 2017). The topic of this discussion is describing the pathophysiology of lower and upper UTIs, highlighting similarities and differences, defining some factors that can impact the pathophysiology and the diagnosis and treatment of the infections.

Lower Urinary Tract Infection

The pathophysiology of a UTI emerges to due to the periurethral colonization of invading microbes (Lees, n.d.). Sterile urine becomes contaminated by the retrograde movement of gram-negative bacilli into the urethra and bladder (Huether, & McCance, 2017). The pathogens then penetrate the uroepithelium due to fimbria, producing biofilms (Lees, n.d.). The bacteria in the bladder initiates an inflammatory response causing edema of the bladder wall. The bladder wall edema stimulates stretch receptors that cause the clinical manifestations of a lower UTI or cystitis (bladder fullness, dysuria, frequency, and urgency, Huether, & McCance, 2017). Additionally, UTI symptoms can include chills, and flank or groin pain, hematuria, low-grade fever, and malaise. As the microorganisms proliferate and colonize, fimbria assists the bacteria to further ascend the ureters towards the kidneys.

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