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NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
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Antimicrobial Agents
Antimicrobials are the most widely used agents in the healthcare system. Antimicrobial agents are prescribed to kill or inhibit the growth of specific microorganisms. Therapies that kill microorganisms are called microbiocidal therapies and therapies that only inhibit the growth of microorganisms are called microbiostatic therapies.
Antimicrobial agents are categorized as antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic or antiviral
agents [Ani18].
agents [Ani18].
They are categorized according to the specific organism they are aimed at the inhibition or kill.
Many times therapy is initiated before identifying the source of infection
[Arc17].
Many times therapy is initiated before identifying the source of infection
[Arc17].
Antibacterial Agents
Antibacterial agents are classified as any medication that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria. These agents attack the bacteria to kill or prevent replication.
Antibacterials are divided into two groups that are by their speed of action and residue production
[Antnd]. NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
Classification of antibacterial agents is categorized according to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, and inhibition of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis [Antnd].
Classifications of antibiotics are:
?
Penicillins
o
Also known as beta-lactam antibiotics
o
Discovered and the and most widely used
o
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by disrupting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls; binds to and inactivates the penicillin-binding proteins
o
Most are unstable in the acidity of the stomach and must be given intravenously. NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
o
Renal impairment necessitates dosage adjustment
o
Potential side effects:
abdominal pain, headache, rash, diarrhea, and taste perversion
o
Common uses:
dental abscesses, pneumonia, gonorrhea, respiratory infections, skin infections, and urinary infections
Common antibiotics: amoxicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, penicillin G,
penicillin V, piperacillin,
[And16]
?
Beta-lactam/Beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations
o
Prevent the breakdown of the beta-lactam by organisms that produce the enzyme and increasing antibacterial activity. NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
o
Alternative treatment for organisms such as S. aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Bacteroides fragilis
o
?
Penicillins
o
Also known as beta-lactam antibiotics
o
Discovered and the and most widely used
o
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by disrupting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls; binds to and inactivates the penicillin-binding proteins
o
Most are unstable in the acidity of the stomach and must be given intravenously. NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
o
Renal impairment necessitates dosage adjustment
o
Potential side effects:
abdominal pain, headache, rash, diarrhea, and taste perversion
o
Common uses:
dental abscesses, pneumonia, gonorrhea, respiratory infections, skin infections, and urinary infections
Common antibiotics: amoxicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, penicillin G,
penicillin V, piperacillin,
[And16]
?
Beta-lactam/Beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations
o
Prevent the breakdown of the beta-lactam by organisms that produce the enzyme and increasing antibacterial activity. NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
o
Alternative treatment for organisms such as S. aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Bacteroides fragilis
o
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NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Week8 Assignment – Antimicrobial Agents
NURS 6521N Advanced Pharmacology Wk11 Quiz
? Question 1
0 out of 0 points
When completing this quiz, did you comply with Walden University’s Code of Conduct including the expectations for academic integrity?
Selected Answer:
Yes
Correct Answer: NURS 6521N Advanced Pharmacology Wk11 Quiz
? Question 2
1 out of 1 points
In the majority of cases delayed puberty is due to:
Selected Answer: c.
Slow maturation
Correct Answer:
? Question 3
1 out of 1 points
A 23-year-old sexually active female presents with white copious discharge and itch. She is diagnosed with yeast vaginitis caused by overgrowth of which microorganism?
Selected Answer: c.
Candida albicans
Correct Answer:
? Question 4
1 out of 1 points
A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with endometriosis. Suppressing which of the following would be the most appropriate medical treatment for this disease?
Selected Answer: b.
Ovulation
Correct Answer:
? Question 5
1 out of 1 points
A nurse is discussing female anatomy. Which body structure contains the openings to the vagina and urinary meatus?
Selected Answer: a.
Vestibule
Correct Answer:
? Question 6
1 out of 1 points
A nursing student asks the nurse where the glands of Montgomery are located. How should the nurse reply? The glands of Montgomery are located in the:
Selected Answer: b.
Breasts
Correct Answer:
NURS 6521N Advanced Pharmacology Wk11 Quiz
? Question 7
1 out of 1 points
During a routine pelvic exam, a 34-year-old female is found to have an ovarian cyst containing skin, hair, cartilage, and bone. This cyst is classified as a _____ cyst.
Selected Answer: b.
Dermoid
Correct Answer:
? Question 8
1 out of 1 points
When a breastfeeding mom asks what causes letdown, which information should the nurse give the patient? The hormone that plays a role in breast milk ejection (letdown) during lactation is:
Selected Answer: c.
Ocytocin
Correct Answer:
? Question 9
1 out of 1 points
Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of the menstrual cycle? When estrogen and progesterone levels drop, the endometrium enters the _____ phase.
Selected Answer: c.
Menstrual
Correct Answer:
? Question 10
1 out of 1 points
A student asks the instructor which of the following hormones stimulates follicular maturation. How should the instructor respond?
Selected Answer: c.
LH
Correct Answer:
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NURS 6521N Symptoms of Prostatitis
(This is part of week 11 quiz in Advanced Pharmacology)
? Question 11
1 out of 1 points
A 40-year-old male is concerned about the possibility of developing prostate cancer. He reports that his father died of prostate cancer, and he wants to take all preventive measures. He is told to consume a diet low in:
Selected Answer: a.
Fat
Correct Answer:
? Question 12
1 out of 1 points
When the nurse is teaching about the menstrual cycle, which information should be included? Menstruation is followed by the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle.
Selected Answer: a.
Follicular
Correct Answer:
? Question 13
1 out of 1 points
Symptoms of prostatitis are similar to symptoms of:
Selected Answer: c.
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Correct Answer:
? Question 14
1 out of 1 points.
A 21-year-old female is infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) following unprotected sexual intercourse with a male she recently met. She is now at higher risk of developing which of the following cancers?
Selected Answer: a.
Cervical
Correct Answer:
? Question 15
1 out of 1 points
While preparing to teach the staff about female anatomy, which information should be included? During the years that a woman is more likely to be sexually active, the vagina mucosa is protected from infection by:
Selected Answer: b.
An acidic pH
Correct Answer:
? Question 16
1 out of 1 points
A 30-year-old male presents with penile tenderness and discharge. Physical examination reveals that his foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans penis. He is suffering from:
Selected Answer: b.
Phimosis
Correct Answer:
? Question 17
1 out of 1 points
When a staff member asks the nurse what the thick middle layer of the uterine wall is called, what is the nurse’s best response? The:
Selected Answer: c.
Myometrium
Correct Answer:
? Question 18
1 out of 1 points
Copy of The nurse would anticipate the treatment for pelvic organ prolapse to be:
Selected Answer: b.
A pessary
Correct Answer:
? Question 19
1 out of 1 points
A 25-year-old sexually active female presents with urethritis, dysuria, and cervical discharge. She is diagnosed with the most common bacteria STI in the United States. The student would identify this infection is due to:
Selected Answer: c.
Chlamydia
Correct Answer:
? Question 20
1 out of 1 points
An example of a parasitic STI that is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact is:
Selected Answer: c.
Scabies
Correct Answer:
NURS 6521N Advanced Pharmacology Wk11 Quiz
NURS 6521N PCOS Diagnosis
(This is part of week 11 quiz in Advanced Pharmacology)
? Question 21
1 out of 1 points
Which of the following signs is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer?
Selected Answer: d.
A painless lump
Correct Answer:
? Question 22
1 out of 1 points
A 38-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cancer. She learns that her mother almost miscarried while pregnant with her and was given diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent it. Which of the following cancers does she most likely have? NURS 6521N PCOS Diagnosis
Selected Answer: b.
Vaginal
Correct Answer:
? Question 23
1 out of 1 points
A 30-year-old female with newly diagnosed PCOS is being counseled by her OB-GYN. The physician indicates that this condition often results in:
Selected Answer: b.
Infertility
Correct Answer:
? Question 24
1 out of 1 points
A 20-year-old female presents with pelvic and back pain severe enough to miss work. She reports that the pain occurs with the onset of menses. Physical examination fails to find pelvic pathology. The most likely cause of her condition is:
Selected Answer: c.
Elevated prostaglandins
Correct Answer:
? Question 25
1 out of 1 points
NURS 6521N PCOS Diagnosis
Copy of A 25-year-old female presents with amenorrhea and hirsutism. She is diagnosed with PCOS. Lab testing will most likely reveal:
Selected Answer: d.
Hyperinsulinemia
Correct Answer:
? Question 26
1 out of 1 points
A 21-year-old male presents with inflammation of the testes. He has a high fever and edema and redness of the testes. Which organism is the most likely the cause of his symptoms?
Selected Answer: c.
Mumps
Correct Answer:
? Question 27
1 out of 1 points
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An important risk factor in the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is:
Selected Answer: d.
Increased age
Correct Answer:
? Question 28
1 out of 1 points
When a staff member asks which structure secretes glucose-rich fluid into the semen, how should the nurse respond?
Selected Answer: a.
Seminal vesicles
Correct Answer: NURS 6521N PCOS Diagnosis
? Question 29
1 out of 1 points
Progesterone is often referred to as “the hormone of pregnancy,” and the patient asks what this phrase means. How should the nurse respond? Progesterone is the hormone of pregnancy because it:
Selected Answer: d.
Prevents smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
Correct Answer:
? Question 30
1 out of 1 points
The patient’s medication has a side effect of gynecomastia. The patient asks the nurse to define this term. The nurse would respond that gynecomastia is:
Selected Answer: b.
Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males
Correct Answer:
NURS 6521N PCOS Diagnosis
NURS 6521N Benign Uterine Tumors
(This is part of week 11 quiz in Advanced Pharmacology)
? Question 31
1 out of 1 points
The most commonly occurring cancer of the female reproductive tract is _____ cancer.
Selected Answer: a.
Cervical
Correct Answer:
? Question 32
1 out of 1 points
_____ is inflammation of the glans penis.
Selected Answer: b.
Balanitis
Correct Answer:
? Question 33
1 out of 1 points
A 40-year-old female presents with cramping and excessive vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound reveals benign uterine tumors in the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. These tumors are commonly called:
Selected Answer: c.
Leiomyomas
Correct Answer:
? Question 34
1 out of 1 points
Changes in the cervical mucus can be used to identify the periods in which a female is most fertile. How should the nurse describe cervical mucus during ovulation?
Selected Answer: b.
Thin and watery
Correct Answer:
? Question 35
1 out of 1 points
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When the nurse describes the duct that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus, what is the nurse discussing? The:
Selected Answer: d.
Fallopian tube
Correct Answer:
? Question 36
1 out of 1 points
When a patient who is trying to get pregnant asks where the usual site of fertilization is, how should the nurse respond? The:
Selected Answer: c.
Ampulla of the fallopian tubes
Correct Answer:
? Question 37
1 out of 1 points
A 68-year-old male presents complaining of difficulty having sexual intercourse. He reports that his penis curves during erection. This condition is referred to as:
Selected Answer: d.
Peyronie disease
Correct Answer:
? Question 38
1 out of 1 points
A 56-year-old female is in menopause. She has ovarian failure. While checking the lab results, which of the following will the nurse find?
Selected Answer: a.
Increased FSH
Correct Answer:
? Question 39
1 out of 1 points
An 18-year-old female is diagnosed with dysmenorrhea. Which of the following symptoms will she most likely experience?
Selected Answer: b.
Painful menstruation
Correct Answer:
? Question 40
1 out of 1 points
When a staff member asks the nurse what is the most potent of the following estrogens, what is the nurse’s best response? It is:
Selected Answer: a.
Estradiol
Correct Answer:
? Question 41
0 out of 1 points
Cryptorchidism can be defined as:
Selected Answer: b.
An abnormal state in which the testes are overdeveloped
Correct Answer: